Shadow trading is a common activity along state borders. Its omnipresence is puzzling because border checkpoints are highly regulated spaces that are heavily gated and securitized. Most studies attribute such a paradox to ineffective border control and corruption. However, this line of argument overlooks the peculiar nature of border and checkpoint governance. We explore this phenomenon with a case study of the Sino-Kazakh border where shadow traders negotiate their passage every day. We find that border crossing is a highly organized activity dictated by informal yet specific and meticulous rules that are enforced by various state and non-state actors. Together, they constitute a kind of gray governance that is thoroughly entwined with the formal regime. It is a kind of technology of rule that enables the state to selectively enforce formal and informal rules so as to accommodate the conflicting goals of border control.

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This article analyzes shadow trade in the Sino-Kazakhborder, exploring the informal traders’ daily crossings of the border. Beyond ineffective border control and corruption, the case shows the mobilization of grey governance practices of various state and non-state actors within negotiations in highly organized informal structures superposed and entangled with specific rules of the formal regime.  This article is free to access for three months.